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Friday, March 12, 2010
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| audio |
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|
EdkifiHa&;ESihf
pmaytEkynm
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(59)
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1950
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1947
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more
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wu,fwwfcsifwJh
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rvkyfwJhuav;udkvJ
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usrqdk
udk,fhtoHk;p&dwfxJudkavSsmh
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taxmuftuljzpfrJh
pmtkyfpmwrf;av;awG/
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tJ'ga=umifh
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uav;&J@pdwfudkvJ
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usaemfjrifoavmufayghaemf//
wcgwcg
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t+ydKiftqdkifawGvdk
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jzpfzdk@uvJ
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tcsdefawG
ukefoGm;wmeJ@trSs
wu,ftusdK;&Sdzdk@vJ
vdktyfvGef;vdk@
rdbawGudk,fwdkif
tyifyef;cHay;ae&wm
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tif;
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udkaeoGifudk
}uHKwkef;av;
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wavmuav
e,frSmaewJh
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rawG@wm=umvdk@
ol@ta=umif;
udk,fhta=umif;ajym=u&if;u
uav;awGta=umif;awGvJ
pum;vrf;a=umif;a&mufoGm;awmh
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usrudk
ajymjyoGm;ao;
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(toH)-1
wlrav;&J@
ynma&;eJ@
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uav;awG
ynma&;qdkwm
rdbawG&J@
arSsmfvifhcsufyJAs//
udk,fuawmh
tm;udk;w}uD;eJ@
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todynm/
twwfynmydkif;rSm
auseyf&avmufatmif
rwwf=ubl;qdkawmh
uav;awG
ausmif;udk
taysmfoGm;ae=uovdk
jzpfaewmaygh//
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olwdk@u
usaemfwdk@xuf
trsm;}uD;uHaumif;w,fvdk@
ajymvdk@&w,fAs//
usaemfwdk@
i,fi,fwkef;uawmh
ckacwfvdk
usL&SifawG
bmawGvJ
odyfacwfrpm;ao;
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usaemfav
uav;awG
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zwfpmtkyfav;awG
awmif;zwf=unfhawmh
olwdk@oif&dk;av;awG
rqdk;bl;yJAs//
rdk;// //tif;
-
ckacwfuav;awGrSm
a&G;cs,fcGifh
trsm;}uD;
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ae&mwum
aiGa=u;uvJ
pum;ajymao;w,fav&Sif//
uav;awG
wu,fyJ
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vdkufEdkifyD;
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usrwdk@wkef;uqdkvJ
ausmif;oifcef;pmawGudkyJ
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avhusifhcef;awGudk
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ckuawmh
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oifwmqdkvm;yJ//
rwlawmhbl;av//
ae// //b,fvdkrwlwmvJqdkwm
ajymygOD;As//
rdk;// //tif;-udk,fhtajymawmh
rjzpfcsifygbl;&Sif//
olwdk@bufrSm&SdwJh
uav;awG
pmoif=uwJhay:rlwnfyD;
ckacwfynma&;pHepfay:
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ajymjyoGm;wmudk
udkaeoGifudk
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(toH)-2
ckacwf
ynma&;pHepfay:
ol@tjrif
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ydkaumif;atmif
ydktqifhjrifhatmifqdkyD;
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oHk;=unfh=uwm
jzpfrSmayghav//
'gayrJh
uav;wdkif;
wajy;nD
rwwf/
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uav;awGu
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jzpfoGm;wmaygh//
rdk;// //tif;aygh&Sif//
'Dtcsdef
'Dtwdkif;twmtwGif;
oif&wJhoifcef;pmawGeJ@oiforSsudk
uav;awG&J@OD;aESmufu
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olwdk@&J@rSwf^m%f/
pGrf;&nfawG/
A[kokwtajccH
bmawGeJ@vJ
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vl}uD;awGuom
pdwfylaeayrJh
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ol@[meJ@ol
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Asm//
tcsdefwefvm&if
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rdk;// //'DvdkyJ
tacsmifoabmrsdK;eJ@
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odvma&m//
tJ'Dawmh
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(toH)-3
ausmif;yD;&ifeJ@
tvkyftudkif
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pum;=uD;pum;us,fajym&&ifawmh
vl@abmiftem*wfudk
vSyatmifzefwD;zdk@qdkwm
ynma&;udk
tm;xm;=u&wmav//
pdwfwdkif;us
taumif;qHk;awGyJjzpfvmzdk@u
+cHKajym&ifawmh
tcsdefvdkw,fAs//
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xdkifapmifhaewmxuf
tcsdef&Sdwkef;}udK;pm;wmu
ydkaocsmwmaygh&Sifh//
ighb0/
ightem*wftwGuf
igwu,fwwfrS
jzpfr,fqdkwJh
wGef;tm;&Sdvmzdk@
tdrfurdbawG&J@
ynma&;tm;ay;wwfr_uvJ
pum;ajymao;w,f&Sifh//
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wcsdK@rdbawGu
n
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udk&D;,m;Zmwfvrf;wGJawG
=unfhzdk@awmh*&kpdkufyD;
udk,fhuav;ynma&;udk
yD;pvG,f
oabmxm;aewm
rsdK;vJ
awG@ae&w,fAs//
rdbawGbufuvJ
udk,fhom;orD;twGuf
tcsdefay;Edkifatmif
vkyf&r,fAs//
uav;awGuom
wu,fwwfcsifpdwfeJ@
}udK;pm;zdk@
vdkw,fAs//
rdk;// //'gayrJh
udkaeoGif&,f//
rdb/
rdom;pk/
pD;yGm;a&;
tajctaeaygif;pHka=umifh
wcsdK@uav;awGrSmvJ
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wcsdefxJoifayrJh
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cku
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r}udKufvdk@
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bmxl;rSmvJ//
acwfeJ@
pepfudkrS
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tpdk;&ausmif;ynma&;udk
oabmrusvdk@qdkyD;
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udk,fhuav;yJ
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vl&mr0ifjzpfrSmav//
xm;jyefawmhvJ
olwdk@tem*wftwGuf
pdwfrcs&wJhyHkpHrsdK;qdkawmh
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uav;awGtem*wfvSvSyyjzpfzdk@
rdom;pkuae
wwfEdkifoavmuf*&kpdkufay;wmrsdK;aygh//
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rdbawGbufu
uav;
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ausmif;oGm;&if
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aysmfaerSmaygh&Sif//
ae// //twef;}uD;vmvdk@
olwdk@pm
udk,fem;rvnfvdk@
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rdk;// //a=omf-tJ'DusawmhvJ
olwdk@twGuf
taumif;qHk;enf;vrf;awG
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tJ'gqdk
uav;ynma&;twGufvJ
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rdbeJ@
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| audio |
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|
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| audio |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| audio |
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|
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ArmawG&J@
tvdrfudkcHcJh&w,fvdk@
wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;
wOD;u
twdtvif;
pGyfpGJcJhzl;ygw,f?
'DpGyfpGJcsuf[m
vlrsKd;a&;trkef;yGm;apavmufwJhtxd
jyif;xef&Hkomru
tjzpfrSefeJ@vnf;a0;uGmvSygw,f?
wu,fawmh
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m
todynmtm;enf;wm[m
Armr[kwfwJh
wdkif;&if;om;awGxJrSm
omru
ArmawGxJrSmvnf;
&SdwJhjy\em/
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
wckvHk;&ifqdkifae&wJ@jy\emyg?
vGefcJhwJh
ESpfaygif;ajcmufq,fausmf
vGwfvyfa&;&cJhpOfwkef;uomru
tcktcsdeftxdvnf;&SdaewJhjy\em
jzpfygw,f?
1947
ckeSpf
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'atmufrSm
ArmawGa&m
Armr[kwfwJh
wdkif;&if;om;awGyg
aumif;rGefwJh
bufutusKd;;cHpm;&wJh
tydkif;awG&Sdovdk
qkwf,kwfwJhtydkif;awGvnf;
&SdcJhygw,f?
Armr[kwfwJh
wdkif;&if;om;awG
ydkjyD;
epfemqHk;&SHK;rSKawG&SdcJhw,f
qdk&ifawmh
jiif;vdk@r&Edkifygbl;?
'gayr,fh
ArmawGu
Arm
r[kwfwJh
wdkif;&if;om;awGudk
vlrsKd;tvdkufcsDjyD;
vdrfvnfcJhw,fqdkwJh
pGyfpGJcsufrsKd;uawmh
rjyKaumif;wJh
t&mjzpfygw,f?
aomw&Sifrsm;cifAsm
,ck
etz
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2008
zGJ
hpnf;yHktajccHOya'uawmh
ArmawGudka&m
Armr[kwfwJh
wdkif;&if;om;awGudkyg
pepfwusvdrfxm;wJhzGJ@pnf;yHk
jzpfygw,f?
vdrfxm;rSef;odod}uD;eJ@
tcktcsdefrSm
tvdrfcHzdk@
cyfuGif;jyif
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tajrmuftjrm;&Sdygw,f?
tJ'Dyk*~dKvfawGuawmh
omrefjynfolvlxkawGr[kwfbJ
tenf;qHk;
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acgif;aqmiftqifh&SdolawGjzpfw,f?
'Dyk*~dKvfawGxJrSm
ArmawGvnf;yg&Hk
omru
Armr[kwfwJh
wdkif;&if;om;awGvnf;ygygw,f?
jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;rSm
1947/
1974/
2008
qdkjyD;
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hpnf;yHktajccHOya'
oHk;ckay:xGufcJhygw,f?
'DoHk;ckpvHk;udk
avhvm&mrSm
ArmeJ@
Armr[kwfwJh
wdkif;&if;om;qdkwJh
tjrifrsKd;eJ@cGJjcm;jyD;oHk;oyfr,fqdk&if
wufwufpif
vGJoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f?
edkifiHa&;pepftajccHuom
=unfhzdk
hvkdygr,f?
2008
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rSm
&Sif;aewmuawmh
ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'xJrSm
txift&Sm;
toufoGif;xm;wJhtcsufyg?
Armjzpfap/
Armr[kwfwJhtjcm;wdkif;&if;om;jzpfap/
ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk
vufcHr,fqdk&if
2008
zGJ
hpnf;yHktajccHOya'udk
usifhoHk;edkifw,f?
'gayr,fh
'Drdkua&pD
tajccHuae
zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufcsifw,f
qdk&ifawmh
tJ'DtajccH
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vHk;udk
ypfy,f&rSm
rkcsyg?
a&G;p&menf;vrf;uawmh
'DeSpfckteuf
wckckom&Sdygw,f?
=um;tqifh
r&Sdygbl;?
zGJ
hpnf;yHkudk
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qifajcrsdK;eJ
h
rdrdukd,fudka&m
vlxkudkyg
vdrfvnfwm
rsKd;rjzpfoihfygbl;?
2008
ckeSpf
Edk0ifbmvavmufupjyD;
etzppfacgif;aqmifawG[m
ol@&J@
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udkvufcH
usifhoHk;zdk@
typf&yfwdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf;awGudk
acsmhcsnfwcg
ajcmufcsnfwvSnfheJ@
trsKd;rsKd;
vSnfhywfpnf;&Hk;aeygw,f?
'Duae@txdqdk&if
ajcmufvavmuf&SdjyDvdk@ajymedkifygw,f?
jyD;cJhwJh&uf
owWywfawGtwGif;rSmyJ
ucsifvGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@eJ@tjcm;vufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf;awGudk
e,fjcm;apmifh
wyfawGtjzpf
ajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;zdk@
etzu
wdkufwGef;aoG;aqmifaew,fqdkwJh
owif;awGxGufay:vmjyef
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rdk;rjydKbl;/
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rdef@cGef;a¹cGcJhwJh
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wu,fawmh
etz
ppftm%m&Sifwpk[m
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haew,fvdk
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etz
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tcsdefjzpfygw,f?
'DvdktcGifhta&;rsdK;
aemifudkk
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usefygawmhw,f?
e,fjcm;apmifhwyfzGJ
hpnf;a&;qdkwm
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hau|;jyD;acsmhjrLwJ
htqifhavmufyJ
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typf
&yfwdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJ
htpnf;awGwnf&Sdaew,fqdkwm
tckrS
r[kwfygbl;?
zGJ
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a&;qGJzdk
htrsdK;om;nDvmcHusif;ycJhwJh
wcsdefvHk;vdkvdkrSm
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'DvufeufudkifwyfawGudkb,fvdk
toGifajymif;oGm;=ur,fqdkwm
bma=umifh
raqG;aEG;cJh=uwmvJ?
e,fjcm;
apmifhwyfzGJ@pnf;a&;
tygt0if
pepfwus
toGifajymif;oGm;a&;udk
bma=umifhzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'&J@tcef;
(14)
ul;ajymif;a&;umv
jyXmef;csufrsm;tcef;rSm
xnfhoGif;rxm;cJhwmvJ?
2008
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'Z,m;
1
jynfaxmifpk
Oya'jyKpm&if;
edkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;eJ
hvHkjcHKa&;
u¾rSm
e,fjcm;apmifhwyfzGJ@pnf;a&;qdkwm
wvHk;wyg'rSsrygbJ
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h=ubl;vm;?
Z,m;
2
wdkif;a'o}uD;
odk@r[kwf
jynfe,fOya'jyK
pm&if;rSmomru
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3
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&wdkif;
odk@r[kwfa'oawG&J@
Oya'jyKpm&if;rSmyg
e,fjcm;apmifhwyfzGJ@pnf;a&;eJ@
ywfoufwJh
vkyfydkifcGifhtm%m
bmwckrS
ay;tyfxm;wm
r&Sdbl;qdkwmudk
rsufuG,fjyKxm;=uovm;?
zGJ@pnf;yHkxJrSm
xnfhoGif;rxm;bJ
vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@awGudk
tm%m&tpdk;&u
udk,fhzmomudk,f
}udKufovdk
zGJ@pnf;vdk@r&Edkifbl;qdkwm
rod=uawmhbl;vm;?
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'&J@
tmrcHjyXmef;csufr&SdbJ
rqv
acwfwavSsmufvHk;rSmuwnf;u
pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhwJh
trsKd;rsKd;aom
a'ocHumuG,fa&;tzGJ@awG[m
bmwckrS
wnf+rJrSKr&SdbJ
ppfacgif;aqmifawGtvdkus
toHk;awmfcHcJh&wJhb0eJ@om
tqHk;owfoGm;cJh=uwmudk
owdrrl=uawmhbl;vm;?
tp&Sdojzifh
ar;p&mawG
ay:vmygawmhw,f?
1985
ckeSpfupvdk
h,ae
htcsdeftxd
eSpfaygif;
eSpfq,fhig;eSpfcef
humvtwGif;
urBmrSm
tm%m&SiftkyfcsKyfrSK
atmufuae
'Drdkua&pDudk
ul;ajymif;oGm;=uwJh
EdkifiHaygif;
oHk;q,feD;yg;&SdjyD&,fvdk@
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wifjy=uygw,f?
vufwiftar&duwdkufu
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ta&S@Oa&myu
edkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;eJ@
tm&SwdkufrSm
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tif'dkeD;&Sm;/
uarBm'D;,m;/
xkdif;
pwJh
edkifiHawGjzpfygw,f?
'Dvdkajymif;vJoGm;=uwJh
wdkif;jynfwdkif;vdkvdkrSm
Institutional
Reform
vdk@
ac:wJhwdkif;jynf&J@
tajccH
taqmuftODawGajymif;vJa&;udk
t"duxm;vkyfaqmifavh&Sd=uygw,f?
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vlxktoif;tzGJ@rsm;/
tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;,EW,m;rsm;/
tpdk;&Xmeqdkif&mrsm;
jzpfygw,f//
tif'dkeD;&Sm;edkifiHrSm
tm%m&Sif&J@
vufudkifwkwftjzpftoHk;cscHcJh&wJh
wyfrawmf[m
ekdifiHa&;rSm
0ifrpGufzufa&;tajccHuae
toufarG;0rf;a=umif;t&
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ta&S@Oa&myedkifiHawGrSm
ay:aygufvmwJh
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tpdk;&&J@vkyfydkifcGifh
tm%mudk
=uyfrwfwJh
tqifhqD
wjznf;jznf;
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awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiH&J@w&m;pD&ifa&;pepf
toGifajymif;vmr_uawmh
tHrcrf;p&myg?
tm%m&SiforRw
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vufxufuwnf;u
edkifiHa&;tm%mudk
tHwkvmcJhwm
r=umao;cif&ufowWywfuwifyJ
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tif'dkeD;&Sm;pwJh
edkifiHawGrSm
vGwfvyfwJh
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tajymif;tvJeJ@
vSKyf&Sm;rSKawG[m
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udktaumif;bufudk
OD;wnf
ajymif;vJapw,fvdk
hvufcH=uygw,f?
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vlxktoif;tzGJ@awG
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ajymif;vJoGm;=ujyDqdk&ifawmh
tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;,EW,m;rsm;/
tpdk;&Xmeqdkif&mawG[mvnf;tenf;eJ@trsm;
vdkufygajymif;vJ&awmhwmygyJ?
etz&J@
2008
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya't&qdk&ifawmh
wdkif;jynf&J@
tajccHtaqmufttHkawG[m
vlxk
tusKd;pD;yGm;udk
OD;wnfjyD;taumif;bufudkajymif;vJr,fh
taetxm;rsdK;bmwckrS
rawG@&ygbl;?
tm%m&Sifpepf
taumiftxnfazmfr,fh
ppftkyfpkwpk&J@
tusKd;pD;yGm;udk
ydkrdkumuG,fazmfaqmifedkifzdk@
csrSwfxm;wmom
jzpfygw,f?
aomw&Sifrsm;cifAsm
wdkif;&if;om;
typf&yftzGJ
htpnf;awGudk
acsmhjr‡LjyD;
zGJ
hpnf;cdkif;r,fh
wyftrsKd;tpm;udk
e,fjcm;apmifhwyfyJ
ac:ac:
bmwyfzGJ
hyJac:ac:
zGJ
hpnf;yHktajccHOya'eJ
htnD
tmrcHcsuf&SdrSmawmh
r[kwfygbl;//
2010
a&G;aumufyGJjyD;vdk@
ppftm%m&SiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'eJ@
tnDawmifhwif;atmif
usm;uefwnfaqmufjyD;&if
tJ'DwyfzGJ@awG
wpwp
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e,fjcm;apmifhwyf
tygt0if
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oHk;jyD;
wyfawG
zGJ@pnf;cdkif;wm[m
etz
&J
haemufxyf
vSnfhjzm;rSKyJ
jzpfygw,f//
'Dvdk
vkyfwm
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OD;aqmifaewJh
wdkif;&if;om;ygwD
tzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ
holwdk@&J@
wyfrawmfawGudk
cGJzdk
hvdrfvnf
}udK;yrf;ae
wmvJ
jzpfygw,f?
tJ'Dwdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkifwyfrawmfawGtwGif;rSm
udk,fhvlrsdK;ta&;/
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wnfaqmufa&;/
udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&&Sda&;
pwmawGtay:
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hpnf;a&;
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olwdk@&J@toufeJ@b0udk
etz
ppftm%m&SifawG&J@vufxJ
0
uGuftyfwmrsKd;awmh
rvkyf
oifhygcifAsm;//
//
more
| audio |
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|
tEkynm&Sifrsm;ESihf
urBmajrusef;rma&
qufvufjyD;
udka&$atmif
wifqufwJh
urBmajr
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em;qif&ygr,f?
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ta=umif;
wifqufxm;wJh
tpDtpOfyg?
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|
tkdufpveftrsKd;orD;vSKyf&Sm;rSKerlem
t*Fgae@
tywfpOf
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vSKyf&Sm;rSKt&Sdefjr‡ifhcJhwJh
tkdufpveftrsKd;orD;vSKyf&Sm;rSKerlemta=umif;
wifjyxm;ygw,f//
more
| audio |
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|
eDaygEdkifiHu
tusOf;om;rdcifawG&J@
&ifaoG;rsm;udk
'DwywfrSmawmh
eDaygEdkifiHu
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apmifha&Smufay;aewJh
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jzpfygw,f//
rdk;jrifhZifu
wifqufxm;wm
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more
| audio |
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us,fus,fajymyg
qufvuf+yD;
a&ì+zdK;wifqufonf
wJh
us,fus,fajymyg
a&'D,dkZmwfvrf;udk
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*ufpfjznfhwJh
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pDpOfwifqufwJh
olwdk@
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| audio |
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uarBm'D;,m;u
AIDS
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tm&Sa'o
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AIDS
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rdk;jrifhZifu
bmomjyef
wifqufxm;wmyg//
more
| audio |
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oHCmhtmZmenf
jyifyaqmif;yg;&Sif
xdefvif;
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EdkifiHa&;eJ@
pmaytEkynm
tpDtpOf
jzpfygw,f//
tm%m&SifeJ
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wifjyxm;ygw,f&Sif//
more
| audio |
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|
tdrf&SifreJ
htpm;tpm
ckqufvufjyD;
rdk;jrifhZif
a&;om;wifqufwJh
}uHKwkef;av;
ajymyg&ap
tpDtpOfudk
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jzpfygw,f//
tdrf&SifrawGajymwJh
tEW&m,f&SdwJhtpm;taomufawGta=umif;
wifqufxm;ygw,f//
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| audio |
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|
typf&yfawGudk
bma=umifwyfwGif;oGwfoGif;
ausmfpGm
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2010
a&G;aumufyGJeJ@
typftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ@rsm;&J@
uH=urRmaqmif;yg;
jzpfygw,f//
typf&yftzGJ
hawGudk
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etz
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h=uHpnftm;xkwfyHkudk
oHk;oyf
wifjyxm;ygw,f?
udka&$atmif
zwf=um;ay;xm;ygw,f&Sif//
more
| audio |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
etzu
udk;uef
hta&;tcif;udk
bma=umifh
zefwD;&ovJ
jyifyaqmif;yg;&Sif
wdkif;ausmf&J@
jrefrmha&;&m
oHk;oyfp&m
aqmif;yg;jzpfygw,f?
etzu
udk;uef
hta&;tcif;udk
bma=umifh
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oHk;oyfwifjyxm;ygw,f?
ref;qdkif;rGefu
zwf=um;ay;xm;wmudk
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|
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